Waste Containment Systems, Waste Stabilization, an Landfills – Design & Evaluation

<p>1 Introduction 1<br /><br />1.1&nbsp;Regulatory Framework 1<br /><br />1.2&nbsp;Environmental Engineering, Waste Disposal, and Containment Issues 15<br /><br />2&nbsp;Waste Characterization and Soil–Waste Interaction 19<br /><br />2.1&nbsp;Composition of Wastes 19<br /><br />2.2&nbsp;Chemical and Biochemical Reactions Within and Below a Waste Disposal site 37<br /><br />2.3&nbsp;Soil–Waste Interactions 45<br /><br />2.4&nbsp;Engineering Properties of Wastes 62</p>
<p>3&nbsp;Geosynthetics in Waste Containment and Cover Systems 71</p>
<p>3.1&nbsp;Geomembranes 71<br /><br />3.2&nbsp;Geotextiles 109<br /><br />3.3&nbsp;Geonets and Geocomposite Drainage Nets 133<br /><br />3.4&nbsp;Geogrids 137<br /><br />3.5&nbsp;Geosynthetic Clay Liners 140<br /><br />3.6&nbsp;Soil Geosynthetic Friction Tests 143</p>
<p>4&nbsp;Low–Permeability Liner and Drainage Materials 158</p>
<p>4.1&nbsp;Hydraulic Conductivity 158<br /><br />4.2&nbsp;Laboratory Hydraulic Conductivity Testing 171<br /><br />4.3&nbsp;Field Hydraulic Conductivity Testing 180<br /><br />4.4&nbsp;Low–Permeability Compacted Clay Liners 192<br /><br />4.5&nbsp;Low–Permeability Admixed (Amended) Soil Liners 209<br /><br />4.6&nbsp;Drainage (Soil) Materials 211</p>
<p>5&nbsp;Containment Transport: Advection–Dispersion flow Through Low–Permeability Soils 219</p>
<p>5.1&nbsp;Contaminant Transport in Soils 219<br /><br />5.2&nbsp;Determination of Parameters 232<br /><br />5.3&nbsp;Methods for Calculating Containment Migration 240<br /><br />5.4&nbsp;Significance of Diffusion in Containment Transport Through Fine–Grained Materials 252<br /><br />5.5&nbsp;Case Study: Field Monitoring 256</p>
<p>6&nbsp;Sludge Solidification and Stabilization 267</p>
<p>6.1&nbsp;Terminology and Regulatory Requirements 267<br /><br />6.2&nbsp;Physical and Chemical Tests for Regulatory Compliance 272<br /><br />6.3&nbsp;Treatment Methods 288<br /><br />6.4&nbsp;Solidification/Stabilization Methods 293<br /><br />6.5&nbsp;Construction Methods 305<br /><br />6.6&nbsp;Safety, Quality Control, and Closure 314</p>
<p>7&nbsp;Vertical Barriers: Slurry Walls 321<br /><br />7.1&nbsp;Introduction 321<br /><br />7.2&nbsp;Trench–Slurry Interaction 325<br /><br />7.3&nbsp;Permeability, Compatibility, and Strength of the Barrier Walls&nbsp; 330<br /><br />7.4&nbsp;Construction 339<br /><br />7.5&nbsp;Specifications 360<br /><br />7.6&nbsp;Construction Quality Control and Quality Assurance 366</p>
<p>8&nbsp;Liner Systems for Landfills and Surface Impoundments 368</p>
<p>8.1&nbsp;Introduction 368<br /><br />8.2&nbsp;Lining Systems: Overview 369<br /><br />8.3&nbsp;Containment Lining systems 384<br /><br />8.4&nbsp;Cover Lining systems 420<br /><br />8.5&nbsp;Specifications 429<br /><br />8.6&nbsp;Construction Quality Assurance 436</p>
<p>9&nbsp;Leachate Collection and Removal Systems 441</p>
<p>9.1&nbsp;Introduction 441<br /><br />9.2&nbsp;LCRS Design 443<br /><br />9.3&nbsp;LCRS Analysis 452<br /><br />9.4&nbsp;Construction, Specification, and CQA 509<br /><br />10&nbsp;Stability Analyses and Design 515<br /><br />10.1&nbsp;Introduction 515<br /><br />Section I: Analytical Methods 516<br /><br />10.2&nbsp;Limit Equilibrium Methods 516<br /><br />10.3&nbsp;Finite–Element Analyses 532<br /><br />10.4&nbsp;Seismic Stability Analyses 534</p>
<p>Section II: Design Applications 543<br /><br />10.5&nbsp;Typical Landfill Configuration 543<br /><br />10.6&nbsp;Excavation Slope Stability 546<br /><br />10.7&nbsp;Refuse Fill Stability 549<br /><br />10.8&nbsp;Cover System Stability 557<br /><br />10.9&nbsp;Seismic Stability 560</p>
<p>Appendix A Inspector s Checklist: Slurry Walls 565<br /><br />Appendix B Settlement Analyses 568</p>
<p>B.1 Foundation Settlement 568<br /><br />B.2 Refuse Settlement 575<br /><br />Index 585</p>