Rapid Emergency and Unscheduled Care

<p>List of contributors x</p>
<p>Preface xi</p>
<p>Acknowledgements xii</p>
<p>List of abbreviations xiii</p>
<p>Cardiovascular</p>
<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm 3</p>
<p>Acute coronary syndrome 4</p>
<p>Anaphylaxis 5</p>
<p>Aortic dissection (thoracic) 8</p>
<p>Atrial fibrillation 9</p>
<p>Bradycardia 10</p>
<p>Deep vein thrombosis 12</p>
<p>Heart failure 13</p>
<p>Hypertension 14</p>
<p>Ischaemic lower limb 15</p>
<p>Myocarditis 16</p>
<p>Pericarditis 17</p>
<p>Shock 18</p>
<p>Tachycardia 19</p>
<p>Ear, nose and throat (ENT)</p>
<p>Acute sore throat 23</p>
<p>Auricular haematoma 24</p>
<p>Epiglottitis 24</p>
<p>Epistaxis 25</p>
<p>Foreign bodies 26</p>
<p>Glandular fever 27</p>
<p>Mumps 28</p>
<p>Nose injury 28</p>
<p>Otitis externa (acute) 29</p>
<p>Otitis media (acute) 29</p>
<p>Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy) 30</p>
<p>Endocrine</p>
<p>Diabetes mellitus: Type 1 35</p>
<p>Diabetes mellitus: Type 2 36</p>
<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 36</p>
<p>Hyperkalaemia 38</p>
<p>Hypokalaemia 38</p>
<p>Gastroenterology</p>
<p>Abdominal trauma 43</p>
<p>Appendicitis 44</p>
<p>Biliary colic 45</p>
<p>Cholecystitis (acute) 45</p>
<p>Crohn s disease 46</p>
<p>Diverticulitis 47</p>
<p>Gastroenteritis 48</p>
<p>Gastrointestinal bleeding (upper) 49</p>
<p>Gastrointestinal bleeding (lower) 52</p>
<p>Gastrointestinal perforation 52</p>
<p>Gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) 53</p>
<p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 54</p>
<p>Pancreatitis (acute) 55</p>
<p>Pancreatitis (chronic) 56</p>
<p>Paralytic ileus 57</p>
<p>Peptic ulcer disease 57</p>
<p>Peritonitis 58</p>
<p>Small bowel obstruction 59</p>
<p>Ulcerative colitis 60</p>
<p>Genitourinary</p>
<p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) 65</p>
<p>Chronic renal failure 66</p>
<p>Renal colic 67</p>
<p>Testicular torsion 67</p>
<p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) 68</p>
<p>Infections, sepsis and infectious diseases Malaria 73</p>
<p>Sepsis 74</p>
<p>Septic arthritis 75</p>
<p>Typhoid 76</p>
<p>Mental health emergencies</p>
<p>Mental health overview 81</p>
<p>Characteristics of different psychiatric illnesses 82</p>
<p>Acute confusion (delirium) 83</p>
<p>Acute psychosis 84</p>
<p>Acute anxiety and panic attacks 85</p>
<p>Deliberate self harm 86</p>
<p>Mental Health Act overview 87</p>
<p>Musculoskeletal</p>
<p>Achilles tendon injuries 91</p>
<p>Ankle injuries 92</p>
<p>Back pain (acute) 93</p>
<p>Calcanium fractures 95</p>
<p>Compartment syndrome 95</p>
<p>Elbow injuries 96</p>
<p>Femoral injuries 99</p>
<p>Foot injuries 101</p>
<p>Gastrocnemius muscle tears 103</p>
<p>Hand injuries 104</p>
<p>Knee injuries 107</p>
<p>Neck pain: Traumatic neck sprain 110</p>
<p>Pelvic fractures 111</p>
<p>Plantar fasciitis 111</p>
<p>Pulled elbow 112</p>
<p>Shoulder and clavicle injuries 113</p>
<p>Tibial/fibular injuries 114</p>
<p>Traumatic amputation 116</p>
<p>Upper limb injuries 116</p>
<p>Volar plate injuries 118</p>
<p>Wrist injuries 118</p>
<p>Neurology</p>
<p>Bell s palsy 123</p>
<p>Encephalitis 124</p>
<p>Epilepsy 125</p>
<p>Giant cell arteritis 126</p>
<p>Guillain Barre syndrome 127</p>
<p>Meningitis 128</p>
<p>Migraine 129</p>
<p>Minor head injuries 130</p>
<p>Status epilepticus 131</p>
<p>Stroke (cerebrovascular event) 132</p>
<p>Subarachnoid haemorrhage 133</p>
<p>Subdural haemorrhage 134</p>
<p>Obstetrics and gynaecology</p>
<p>Eclampsia 139</p>
<p>Ectopic pregnancy 139</p>
<p>Hyperemesis gravidarum 141</p>
<p>Miscarriage 141</p>
<p>Pre eclampsia 142</p>
<p>Vaginal bleeding (late pregnancy) 143</p>
<p>Ophthalmology</p>
<p>Acute angle closure glaucoma 147</p>
<p>Anterior uveitis 147</p>
<p>Blunt trauma 148</p>
<p>Chemical injury 149</p>
<p>Conjunctivitis 150</p>
<p>Corneal injury 150</p>
<p>Foreign bodies 151</p>
<p>Loss of vision 152</p>
<p>Subconjuctival haemorrhage 153</p>
<p>Superglue injuries 153</p>
<p>UV radiation injuries 154</p>
<p>Overdose and poisoning</p>
<p>Alcohol misuse and intoxication 157</p>
<p>Carbon monoxide poisoning 158</p>
<p>Drug misuse 158</p>
<p>Paracetamol overdose 159</p>
<p>Poisoning 160</p>
<p>Respiratory</p>
<p>Asthma 165</p>
<p>Chest sepsis (including pneumonia) 166</p>
<p>Chest wall injury 167</p>
<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 168</p>
<p>Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) 170</p>
<p>Cystic fibrosis 171</p>
<p>Flail chest 172</p>
<p>Haemothorax 173</p>
<p>Lung cancer 173</p>
<p>Open chest wound: Medical emergency 174</p>
<p>Pulmonary embolism 174</p>
<p>Pneumothorax (simple) 175</p>
<p>Tension pneumothorax: Medical emergency 176</p>
<p>Skin</p>
<p>Abscesses 179</p>
<p>Animal bites 179</p>
<p>Burn to skin 180</p>
<p>Cellulitis 182</p>
<p>Dermatophyte infection of the skin: Body and groin 183</p>
<p>Human bite 184</p>
<p>Impetigo 185</p>
<p>Necrotising fasciitis 185</p>
<p>Scabies 186</p>
<p>Varicella infection 187</p>
<p>The electrocardiogram</p>
<p>Electrocardiograph (ECG) 191</p>
<p>Atrial fibrillation 191</p>
<p>Atrial flutter 191</p>
<p>Asystole 192</p>
<p>First degree heart block 192</p>
<p>Normal sinus rhythm 192</p>
<p>Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 192</p>
<p>Second degree heart block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) 193</p>
<p>Second degree heart block: Mobitz type 2 193</p>
<p>Sinus bradycardia 193</p>
<p>Sinus tachycardia 194</p>
<p>Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) 194</p>
<p>Third degree heart block: Complete heart block 194</p>
<p>Torsade de pointes 194</p>
<p>Ventricular fibrillation 195</p>
<p>Ventricular standstill 195</p>
<p>Ventricular tachycardia (VT) 195</p>
<p>Index 197</p>