Chitosan – Derivatives, Composites, and Applications

<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Section I Production and Derivatives of Chitosan</p>
<p>1 Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition, and Properties 3<br />Annu, Shakeel Ahmed and Saiqa Ikram</p>
<p>1.1 Chitin 4</p>
<p>1.2 Chitosan 11</p>
<p>1.3 Conclusion&nbsp; 21</p>
<p>References&nbsp; 21</p>
<p>2 Nitrogenated Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application 25<br />Michael&nbsp; Ioelovich</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 26</p>
<p>2.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources 27</p>
<p>2.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 28</p>
<p>2.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 47</p>
<p>2.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 54</p>
<p>2.6 Applications 58</p>
<p>2.7 Conclusion 60</p>
<p>References 61</p>
<p>3 Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates 71<br />Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Htun Inzali, Hla Ngwe and Nitar Nwe</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 72</p>
<p>3.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes 74</p>
<p>3.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes 74</p>
<p>3.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme 78</p>
<p>3.5 Commercial Enzymes 78</p>
<p>3.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 78</p>
<p>3.7 Conclusion 85</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 85</p>
<p>References 85</p>
<p>4 Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials 89<br />Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Htun Inzali, Tetsuya Furuike, Hiroshi Tamura and Nitar Nwe</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 90</p>
<p>4.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology 92</p>
<p>4.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms 93</p>
<p>4.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms 94</p>
<p>4.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology 98</p>
<p>4.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials 101</p>
<p>4.7 Conclusion 102</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 107</p>
<p>References 107</p>
<p>5 Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overlook of Commercial Application in Diverse Field 115<br />Tanvir Arfin</p>
<p>5.1 History 115</p>
<p>5.2 Synthesis of Chitosan 116</p>
<p>5.3 General Properties 117</p>
<p>5.4 Biological Properties 117</p>
<p>5.5 Physicochemical Aspects 118</p>
<p>5.6 Molecular Weight 118</p>
<p>5.7 Stability 118</p>
<p>5.8 Fabrication 119</p>
<p>5.9 Self–Assembly 120</p>
<p>5.10 Strategies Self–Assembly 121</p>
<p>5.11 Chief Significance 122</p>
<p>5.12 Various Forms 122</p>
<p>5.13 Chemical Modification 122</p>
<p>5.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization 122</p>
<p>5.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles 123</p>
<p>5.16 Modified Chitosan 123</p>
<p>5.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) 123</p>
<p>5.18 Michael Reaction 124</p>
<p>5.19 Antioxidant 124</p>
<p>5.20 Antibacterial Properties 126</p>
<p>5.21 Antimicrobial Activity 126</p>
<p>5.22 Antiviral Activity 129</p>
<p>5.23 Biological Adhesive 129</p>
<p>5.24 Bonding Purposes 130</p>
<p>5.25 Biodegradation 130</p>
<p>5.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence 131</p>
<p>5.27 Conjugation 131</p>
<p>5.28 Functionalization of Chitosan 131</p>
<p>5.29 Schiff s Base Formation 131</p>
<p>5.30 Reductive Amination 134</p>
<p>5.31 Chitosan Proteins Interaction 134</p>
<p>5.32 Absorption Enhancer 135</p>
<p>5.33 Chitosan Starch Blends 135</p>
<p>5.34 Application in Various Fields 135</p>
<p>5.35 Conclusion 146</p>
<p>References 146</p>
<p>6 Chitin and Chitosan–Complexes and Their Applications 151</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 152</p>
<p>6.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin 153</p>
<p>6.3 Different Properties of Chitosan 154</p>
<p>6.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan 156</p>
<p>6.5 Complexes of Polyelectrolyte between Chitosan and Naturally Occurring Polymers 157</p>
<p>6.6 Various Useful and Important Applications of Chitosan 159</p>
<p>6.7 Conclusion 162</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 162</p>
<p>References 162</p>
<p>7 Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide 167</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 168</p>
<p>7.2 Enzymes for Production of Chitin/Chitosan, and CTO 169</p>
<p>7.3 Enzyme and DNA Technology for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and CTO 169</p>
<p>7.4 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 172</p>
<p>7.5 Conclusion 176</p>
<p>References 179</p>
<p>Section II Chitosan in Textile and Food Industry</p>
<p>8 Chitosan Applications for the Food Industry 185</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 185</p>
<p>8.2 Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 187</p>
<p>8.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Food Applications 193</p>
<p>8.4 Nutritional Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan 213</p>
<p>8.5 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan Oligomers and Their Applications in the Food Industry as Health Supplements 215</p>
<p>8.6 Future Trends: Chitosan–Based Nanotechnology for Food Applications 217</p>
<p>8.7 Conclusion 217</p>
<p>Acknowledgements 218</p>
<p>References 218</p>
<p>9 Chitosan: Sustainable and Environment Friendly Resource for Textile Industry 233</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 233</p>
<p>9.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Resources 234</p>
<p>9.3 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles 236</p>
<p>9.4 Textile Functionalities Achieved 240</p>
<p>9.5 Effluent Treatment Applications 245</p>
<p>9.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 246</p>
<p>References 247</p>
<p>Section III Chitosan in Biomedical Applications</p>
<p>10 Perspectives of Chitin– and Chitosan–based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine 255</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 256</p>
<p>10.2 Scaffold Characteristics 258</p>
<p>10.3 Fabrication Techniques 260</p>
<p>10.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan as Regenerative Medicine 261</p>
<p>10.5 Conclusion 264</p>
<p>References 265</p>
<p>11 Chitin and Chitosan–Based Scaffolds 271</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 272</p>
<p>11.2 Scaffold Components 274</p>
<p>11.3 Scaffold Requirements 274</p>
<p>11.4 Chitin and Chitosan–Based Scaffolds Fabrication Techniques 276</p>
<p>11.5 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Regeneration of Various Tissues 281</p>
<p>11.6 Chitin and CS–Based Scaffolds for Drug and Growth Factors Delivery 293</p>
<p>11.7 Chitin and CS–Based Scaffolds/Dressings in Market 294</p>
<p>11.8 Conclusions 294</p>
<p>11.9 Future perspectives 295</p>
<p>Abbreviations 295</p>
<p>References 300</p>
<p>12 Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application 311</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 311</p>
<p>12.2 Chitosan Applications in Cancer 317</p>
<p>12.3 Chitosan Applications in Alzheimer s 335</p>
<p>12.4 Conclusion 348</p>
<p>References 348</p>
<p>13 Biomedical Significance of Chitin– and Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites 361</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 362</p>
<p>13.2 Biomedical Applications 363</p>
<p>13.3 Conclusion 377</p>
<p>References 378</p>
<p>14 Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Chitosan–Based&nbsp; Nanomaterials 385</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 386</p>
<p>14.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan 387</p>
<p>14.3 Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan 388</p>
<p>14.4 Biomedical Application of Chitin and Chitosan–Based Nanomaterials 394</p>
<p>14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 400</p>
<p>Acknowledgement 401</p>
<p>References 401</p>
<p>Section IV Chitosan in Agriculture and Water treatment 15 Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin– and Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture 411</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 412</p>
<p>15.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposite in Agriculture 413</p>
<p>15.3 Conclusion 423</p>
<p>References 423</p>
<p>16 Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for Its Potential Application in Water Filtration 431</p>
<p>16.1 Introduction 431</p>
<p>16.2 Chitosan as an Efficient Material for Water Purification/ Disinfection 433</p>
<p>16.3 Electrospinning Process 438</p>
<p>16.4 Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles for Filtration of Water Contaminated with Bacteria 442</p>
<p>16.5 Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites for Water Filtration 446</p>
<p>16.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 448</p>
<p>References 449</p>
<p>17 Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants 453</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction 454</p>
<p>17.2 Chitin and Chitosan 455</p>
<p>17.3 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan 455</p>
<p>17.4 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan 456</p>
<p>17.5 Application of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment as Promising Adsorbents 461</p>
<p>17.6 Chitin and Chitosan as a New Type of Polymer Coagulant/Flocculants 465</p>
<p>17.7 Future Directions for Research 474</p>
<p>17.8 Conclusion 475</p>
<p>Acknowledgments 475</p>
<p>References 475</p>