The Structure Underlying Measure Phrase Sentences

I. Measure Phrase Sentences; Some Observations.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Measure Phrases.- 2.1. Are MP’s Noun Phrases?.- 2.1.1. Prenominal Adjectives in MP’s.- 2.1.1.1. Unit nouns: integer-dependent and integer-independent, continuous and discontinuous, abstract and concrete.- 2.1.1.2. ‘Six dusty miles’ and Ten crisp new dollars’; abstract and concrete MP’s.- 2.1.2. MP’s, Relative Clauses, and Prenominal Adjectives; ‘Non-Particular’ Units; Syncategorematic Adjectives.- 2.1.3. ‘Each/Either/Some of the’ + MP; Differentiation and Individualization.- 2.1.3.1. Definiteness and indefiniteness; incorporation of the definite element.- 2.1.3.2. Numerical elements and numbers.- 2.1.3.3. ‘Part of the’ + MP.- 2.1.4. Demonstratives, Possessive Pronouns, ‘Principal’, ‘Chief’, ‘Utter’.- 2.2. Recapitulation.- 3. Parameter Adjectives and Measure Adjectives.- 3.1. Parameter Adjectives.- 3.2. Objective Gradables and Subjective Gradables; Neutral and Non-Neutral Sense.- 3.2.1. ‘Warm’; Non-Neutral, Subjective or Objective.- 3.2.1.1. ‘Warm’ and other gradables in ‘hoe’ questions.- 3.3. Bierwisch’s Observations on Polarity and Orientation of Adjectives; ‘Warm’ an Unoriented Adjective.- 3.3.1. An Additional Criterion for the Polarity Sign; ‘(+ Pol)’ Adjectives That Do Not Take MP’s.- 4. Semicopulas.- 4.1. Middle Verbs and Semicopulas.- 4.1.1. ‘Differ’ + MP.- 4.1.2. Passive and Manner Adverbials.- 4.1.3. Measure Semicopulas.- 4.2. Other Verbs Taking MP’s.- 4.3. Semicopulas Taking Adjectival Complements.- 4.4. ‘Cost’ + Indirect Object 49 5. Recapitulation.- II. The Structure Underlying Simple MP Sentences.- 1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2. Similarities in the Behaviour of Simple MP Sentences.- 2.1. The Relation to ‘Hebben’.- 2.1.1. Semicopulas Show a Relation to ‘Hebben’.- 2.1.1.1. ‘Hebben’ paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammatically of ‘each other’ semicopula sentences.- 2.1.1.1.1. The PSR hypothesis vs. the transformational hypothesis.- 2.1.1.1.2. Assuming that semicopulas are simply V’s leaves the ungrammaticality of ‘each other’ semicopula sentences unexplained.- 2.1.1.1.3. ‘Hebben’ paraphrases reveal that the co-reference condition is not met.- 2.1.1.1.4. Semicopulas that do take definite complements are also excluded from ‘each other’ sentences.- 2.1.1.2. Semicopulas are non-passivizable and stative.- 2.1.2. Copula + Measure Adjective Constructions Show a Relation to ‘Hebben’.- 2.1.2.1. ‘Hebben’ paraphrases reveal the source of the ungrammaticality of ‘each other’ measure adjective sentences.- 2.1.2.2. Measure adjectives are stative.- 2.2. Further Evidence that the Underlying Structures of Semicopula Sentences and Measure Adjective Sentences Are Similar.- 2.2.1. Synonymy of Semicopula and ‘Be’ + Measure Adjective.- 2.2.2. MP’s Do Not Occur as Direct Objects in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2.3. MP’s Cannot Be Omitted in Simple Sentences in Which They Are Not Direct Objects.- 3. Possible Underlying Structures of Simple MP Sentences.- 3.1. Underlying ‘Hebben’.- 3.2. Underlying Adjective.- 3.3. Disadvantages of Underlying ‘Hebben’ and of Underlying Adjective.- 3.4. Underlying WITH String.- 4. Arguments for an Underlying WITH String.- 4.1. Generalization of Relative Clause Reduction.- 4.2. Comparing Different Languages.- 4.3. Possibility of Uniform Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 4.4. Non-Occurrence of Reduced Type II Sentences.- 4.5. Adjectives Corresponding to ‘Met’ Phrases.- 5. Recapitulation.- III. The Derivation of MP Sentences.- 1. Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules.- 2. When Does Reduction Occur?.- 2.1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences.- 2.2. Reduction in ‘Van’ + MP Constructions.- 3. A Non-Existent Neutral Parameter Adjective.- 4. Treating ‘Zijn’ as an Affix.- 5. Base Rules and Entries.- 6. The Transformational Derivation of MP Sentences.- 6.1. Simple MP Sentences and Their Paraphrases.- 6.2. ‘Van’ + MP Constructions.- 6.3. Applied Amount Terms and Related Expressions.- 6.4. Embedding; Another Type of ‘Van’ Constructions; Post-lexical Rules.- 7. The Derivation of Measure Phrases.- 7.1. Unreduced Forms.- 7.2. Integer-Dependent and Integer-Independent Unit Nouns.- 7.3. Reduction in Measure Phrases.- 7.4. Recapitulation.- IV. Duration Sentences.- 1. ‘Duren’.- 1.1. Double WITH Strings.- 1.1.1. A Comparison with ‘Simple’ Semicopulas and Related Structures.- 1.1.2. The Relationship between ‘Duren’ and ‘Gedurende’.- 1.2. The Transformational Derivation of Duration MP Sentences Not Containing DMA’s.- 1.2.1. Simple Duration MP Sentences.- 1.2.2. ‘Van’ + MP Constructions Referring to Duration 226 2. Other Complex Semicopulas.- V. Epilogue.