Digital Libraries and Crowdsourcing

<p>Preface ix</p>
<p>Introduction xiii</p>
<p>Chapter 1. A Conceptual Introduction to the Concept of Crowdsourcing in Libraries: A New Paradigm?&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</p>
<p>1.1. A rapidly growing economic model&nbsp; 1</p>
<p>1.1.1. What made this new economic model possible&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</p>
<p>1.1.2. Application to digital libraries&nbsp;&nbsp; 5</p>
<p>1.1.3. Growing interest from politicians, Internet users and academics&nbsp; 7</p>
<p>1.2. Origin, definition and scope of crowdsourcing&nbsp; 10</p>
<p>1.2.1. Explicit crowdsourcing: using volunteers&nbsp;&nbsp; 16</p>
<p>1.2.2. Implicit crowdsourcing: using involuntary and unconscious work&nbsp; 16</p>
<p>1.2.3. Gamification: using players&nbsp;&nbsp; 16</p>
<p>1.2.4. Paid crowdsourcing: using microemployees 16</p>
<p>1.2.5. Crowdfunding: institutional begging &nbsp;&nbsp; 17</p>
<p>1.3. Historical chronology of crowdsourcing 17</p>
<p>1.4. Philosophical and political controversies&nbsp;&nbsp; 21</p>
<p>1.5. Economic, sociological and legal consequences 33</p>
<p>1.5.1. Economy of crowdsourcing&nbsp;&nbsp; 33</p>
<p>1.5.2. The users of crowdsourcing&nbsp;&nbsp; 39</p>
<p>1.6. Managerial, library science and technological consequences 41</p>
<p>1.6.1. The cultural factor&nbsp; 41</p>
<p>1.6.2. The corporatist factor 41</p>
<p>1.6.3. The reign of the amateur: toward mediocracy?&nbsp;&nbsp; 44</p>
<p>1.6.4. Crowdsourcing: the highest stage of outsourcing?&nbsp; 45</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Overview of Several Crowdsourcing Projects Applied to the Digitization of Libraries 49</p>
<p>2.1. Putting content online and participative curation: the Oxford s Great War Archive and Europeana 1914 1918&nbsp;&nbsp; 49</p>
<p>2.2. Digitization on demand in the form of crowdfunding applied to digital libraries: the European eBooks on Demand network&nbsp; 50</p>
<p>2.3. Printing on demand (POD): the Espresso Book Machine&nbsp; 63</p>
<p>2.4. Participative OCR correction and participative transcription of manuscripts&nbsp;&nbsp; 70</p>
<p>2.4.1. Explicit crowdsourcing: volunteer correction/transcription&nbsp;&nbsp; 73</p>
<p>2.4.2. Gamification, OCR correction through play: Digitalkoot (National Library of Finland) 83</p>
<p>2.4.3. Implicit crowdsourcing: involuntary OCR correction via reCAPTCHA in the service of Google Books&nbsp;&nbsp; 86</p>
<p>2.4.4. Paid crowdsourcing: the Amazon Mechanical Turk market place&nbsp;&nbsp; 92</p>
<p>2.5. Folksonomy, cataloguing and participative indexing&nbsp; 108</p>
<p>2.5.1. Explicit crowdsourcing through volunteer tagging: Flickr: the Commons&nbsp;&nbsp; 108</p>
<p>2.5.2. The use of gamification: Art Collector&nbsp;&nbsp; 109</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Overview and Keys to Success&nbsp;&nbsp; 117</p>
<p>3.1. Typologies and taxonomies of projects 117</p>
<p>3.1.1. Explicit crowdsourcing&nbsp;&nbsp; 128</p>
<p>3.1.2. Implicit crowdsourcing&nbsp;&nbsp; 128</p>
<p>3.1.3. Gamification 129</p>
<p>3.2. Communication and marketing for recruiting volunteers&nbsp; 136</p>
<p>3.3. The question of motivations&nbsp;&nbsp; 139</p>
<p>3.3.1. Intrinsic motivations 142</p>
<p>3.3.2. Extrinsic motivations 144</p>
<p>3.3.3. The opposition between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations&nbsp;&nbsp; 145</p>
<p>3.3.4. The specific motivation of gamification projects&nbsp; 146</p>
<p>3.3.5. Crowdsourcing and rewards&nbsp; 147</p>
<p>3.3.6. Other theories on motivation&nbsp; 149</p>
<p>3.3.7. The motivations of cultural institutions and the prerequi–sites for launching a crowdsourcing project&nbsp; 151</p>
<p>3.4. Sociology of the contributors and community management&nbsp; 154</p>
<p>3.4.1. Sociology of contributors&nbsp;&nbsp; 154</p>
<p>3.4.2. Crowdsourcing or community sourcing?&nbsp;&nbsp; 156</p>
<p>3.4.3. The work of professionals on these projects and community management 157</p>
<p>3.5. The question of the quality of the contributions 161</p>
<p>3.5.1. Systems for evaluating and moderation of contributions&nbsp; 162</p>
<p>3.5.2. Comparison between the quality of the data produced by amateurs and that produced by professionals&nbsp;&nbsp; 166</p>
<p>3.5.3. Reintegration of the data produced 168</p>
<p>3.5.4. The legal status of contributions: crowdsourcing and the semantic web&nbsp;&nbsp; 169</p>
<p>3.6. The evaluation of crowdsourcing projects&nbsp;&nbsp; 170</p>
<p>3.6.1. Factors in success and failure&nbsp; 172</p>
<p>3.6.2. Quantitative evaluation of crowdsourcing projects and their costs&nbsp;&nbsp; 174</p>
<p>3.7. Change management&nbsp;&nbsp; 178</p>
<p>Conclusion 183</p>
<p>Bibliography 185</p>
<p>Index&nbsp; 203</p>